Anissa S. Febrina, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta
Jakartans may think they have seen it all when it comes to environmental disasters, but it is a good bet that the worst is yet to come, a study reveals.
By 2015, the city will face a water supply deficit three times more severe than the current situation, the study -- which was released late last year by the National Development Planning Board's (Bappenas) water and irrigation directorate -- said.
It said that in less than a decade only 65 percent of the demand for water in the city could be met.
Climate change and poor water management are the main causes of the worsening water shortages.
In 2005, supply from both the city water operators and individual wells covered only 88 percent of demand.
With a projected population of 12 million people and increasing economic activity, Jakarta's annual demand for water will stand at around 660 million cubic meters by 2015.
By that year, the city will see a deficit of 274.4 million cubic meters, or more than 30 percent of the actual need for water.
Currently, the water deficit is covered by the exploitation of groundwater.
Residents continue to dig deeper in order to tap an ample supply of fresh water, while commercial building operators seek approval to extract groundwater from deeper levels.
It is estimated that about 41 percent of the some 10 million people now living in the city rely on groundwater for their daily water needs.
Ideally, only up to 40 percent of the potential groundwater reserve should be extracted. In 2005, groundwater extraction had reached 47.5 percent of the 532 million cubic meters of potential reserve.
Reckless groundwater exploitation is also said to be one of the causes of the water shortages as it has prompted land subsidence and salt water intrusion.
The diminishing number of water catchment areas is another contributor.
"If there is no infrastructure intervention, the shortages will get worse. The water deficit is also a cause of the heightened flood risk," the report said.
As the problem occurs not only in Jakarta, but all over Java, administrations should not seek solutions alone.
When the city faced tap water shortages last year due to the declining supply from Jatiluhur dam, city water operators quickly sought other sources, including from neighboring Tangerang.
The same scenario could not be applied should massive water shortages occur in 2015, as Tangerang -- and even water reserve areas like Depok and Bogor -- will also face higher water deficits.
Building infrastructure alone will not solve the problem, if there are no efforts to rehabilitate and conserve catchment areas, the report said.
It is a choice between action or reaction. Jakarta, make your choice.
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