(Reuters) - A group of plant scientists is warning federal regulators that action is needed to mitigate a growing problem with biotech corn that is losing its resistance to plant-damaging pests.
The stakes
are high - corn production is critical for food, animal feed and ethanol
production, and farmers have increasingly been relying on corn that has been
genetically modified to be toxic to corn rootworm pests.
"This
is not something that is a surprise... but it is something that needs to be
addressed," said Joseph Spencer, a corn entomologist with the Illinois
Natural History Survey, part of the University of Illinois.
Spencer is
one of 22 academic corn experts who sent a letter dated March 5 to the
Environmental Protection Agency telling regulators they are worried about
long-term corn production prospects because of the failure of the genetic
modifications in corn aimed at protection from rootworm.
Monsanto
introduced its corn rootworm protected products, which contain a protein referred
to as "Cry3Bb1," in 2003 and they have proved popular with farmers in
key growing areas around the country. Biotech corn sales are a key growth
driver of sales at Monsanto.
The corn
rootworm product is supposed to reduce the need to put insecticides into the
soil, essentially making the corn plants toxic to the worms that try to feed on
their roots.
But plant
scientists have recently found evidence that the genetic modification is losing
its effectiveness, making the plants vulnerable to rootworm damage and
potentially significant production losses.
The
scientists said in their letter to EPA that the situation should be acted upon
"carefully, but with a sense of some urgency."
As concerns
have mounted over the last year that Monsanto's rootworm-protected products
were losing their effectiveness, Monsanto has said the problem is small and has
said the products continue to provide corn farmers with "strong protection
against this damaging pest."
Monsanto,
the world's largest seed company, has recommended growers rotate the corn with
its biotech soybeans, use another of its biotech corn products and use
insecticides to try to address the problem.
"Rootworm
performance inquiries in 2011 were isolated to less than 0.2 percent of the
acres planted with Monsanto rootworm-traited corn hybrids," said Danielle
Stuart, a Monsanto spokeswoman. "In all of these cases, Monsanto is
working very closely with the farmer and has provided best management practices
for the upcoming season on each of these fields. "
The
problems with insect resistance have been reported in parts of Illinois, Iowa,
Minnesota, Nebraska and South Dakota.
Continuing
to plant a failing technology only increases the resistance development risk,
the scientists said in their letter. Moreover, they say, the rootworm-protected
BT corn is being planted in areas that have no need for it, often because there
are few alternative seed options. Scarcity of non-BT corn seed is a concern,
they said.
Using
insecticides along with the biotech corn as Monsanto has advised is not a good
approach, according to the scientists, because it elevates production costs for
farmers and masks the extent and severity of the building insect resistance.
"Recommendations
to apply insecticides to protect transgenic Bt corn rootworm corn strikes us as
a clear admission that the Cry3Bb1 toxin is no longer providing control adequate
to protect yield," the scientists wrote.
"When
insecticides overlay transgenic technology, the economic and environmental
advantages of rootworm-protected corn quickly disappear," the scientists
wrote.
EPA Office
of Pesticide Programs Director Steven Bradbury, who the letter was addressed
to, could not be reached for comment.
(Reporting
By Carey Gillam;editing by Sofina Mirza-Reid)
The French farmer Paul Francois, who says he suffers memory
loss and stammering after inhaling a Monsanto pesticide.
(Photograph: Jean-Philippe Ksiazek/AFP/Getty Images)
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